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Connecting the Dots: A Machine Learning Ready Dataset for Ionospheric Forecasting Models
Wolniewicz, Linnea M., Kelebek, Halil S., Mestici, Simone, Vergalla, Michael D., Acciarini, Giacomo, Poduval, Bala, Verkhoglyadova, Olga, Guhathakurta, Madhulika, Berger, Thomas E., Baydin, Atılım Güneş, Soboczenski, Frank
Operational forecasting of the ionosphere remains a critical space weather challenge due to sparse observations, complex coupling across geospatial layers, and a growing need for timely, accurate predictions that support Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), communications, aviation safety, as well as satellite operations. As part of the 2025 NASA Heliolab, we present a curated, open-access dataset that integrates diverse ionospheric and heliospheric measurements into a coherent, machine learning-ready structure, designed specifically to support next-generation forecasting models and address gaps in current operational frameworks. Our workflow integrates a large selection of data sources comprising Solar Dynamic Observatory data, solar irradiance indices (F10.7), solar wind parameters (velocity and interplanetary magnetic field), geomagnetic activity indices (Kp, AE, SYM-H), and NASA JPL's Global Ionospheric Maps of Total Electron Content (GIM-TEC). We also implement geospatially sparse data such as the TEC derived from the World-Wide GNSS Receiver Network and crowdsourced Android smartphone measurements. This novel heterogeneous dataset is temporally and spatially aligned into a single, modular data structure that supports both physical and data-driven modeling. Leveraging this dataset, we train and benchmark several spatiotemporal machine learning architectures for forecasting vertical TEC under both quiet and geomagnetically active conditions. This work presents an extensive dataset and modeling pipeline that enables exploration of not only ionospheric dynamics but also broader Sun-Earth interactions, supporting both scientific inquiry and operational forecasting efforts.
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Google Earth adds ability to rewind time and see area images from the past
Google Earth is celebrating its 20th anniversary by allowing users to access historical Street View images directly in the geographic visualization app. Users can scroll through older views of locations and see how areas have changed over time. The historical Street View images are already available in Google Maps. Last year, Google also added the ability to view historical satellite and aerial photos directly in Google Earth--material that was previously only available in the Earth Pro desktop app. In the coming weeks, Google also plans to launch a new feature that will provide professional users with AI-based insights about Earth.